Virtual retinal display

ABSTRACT

A virtual retinal display utilizes photon generation and manipulation to create a panoramic, high resolution, color virtual image that is projected directly onto the retina of the eye without creating a real or an aerial image that is viewed via a mirror or optics. The virtual retinal display includes a source of photons, the photons being modulated with video information and scanned in a raster type of pattern directly onto the retina of the user&#39;s eye. The photon generator may utilize coherent or non-coherent light. Further, the photon generator may utilize color light generators so as to scan a colored virtual image directly onto the retina of the user&#39;s eye. The virtual retinal display may also include a depth accommodation cue to vary the focus of scanned photons rapidly so as to control the depth perceived by a user for each individual picture element of the virtual image. Further, an eye tracking system may be utilized to sense the position of an entrance pupil of the user&#39;s eye, the detected pupil position being utilized to move the scanned photons so as to be approximately coincident with the entrance pupil of the eye. The detected pupil position may also be used to change the video image scanned onto the retina so that as the user&#39;s eye moves, the view perceived by the user changes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed to a virtual image display system andmore particularly to a virtual retinal display wherein photons modulatedwith video information are projected directly onto the retina of the eyeto produce a virtual image without a perceivable aerial image outside ofthe user's eye.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

With known virtual image displays, a user does not view directly aphysical display screen such as with real image displays. Typically, thevirtual display creates only a small physical image using a liquidcrystal array, light emitting diodes or a miniature cathode ray tube,CRT, the image being projected by optical lenses and mirrors so that theimage appears to be a large picture suspended in the world.

A miniature cathode ray tube can produce a medium resolution monochromepicture. However, these devices are heavy and bulky. For example, atypical weight of a miniature CRT with cables is greater than fourounces, the CRT having a one inch diameter and a four inch length.Further, these devices have high voltage acceleration potential,typically 7-13 kilovolts which is undesirably high for a display that ismounted on a user's head. Creating color using a single miniature CRT isdifficult and usually causes significant compromises in image resolutionand luminance. Although the CRT image may be relayed via a coherentfiber-optics bundle to allow the CRT to be located away from headmounted optics, the hardware to accomplish this is also heavy and causessignificant light loss. Field sequential color using a multiplexed colorfilter and CRT with white phosphor is able to create good color huesaturation but also at a significantly reduced resolution. For example,three color fields must be produced during the same period as a normal60 Hz field, thereby dividing the video bandwidth for each color bythree.

A liquid crystal array can produce a color image using a low operatingvoltage, but it can provide only a marginal picture element (pixel)density, i.e. less than 800 by 800 elements. One commercial device isknown that uses a linear array of light emitting diodes viewed via avibrating mirror and a simple magnifier. Although this is a low cost andlow power alternative, the display is monochrome and limited in lineresolution to the number of elements which can be incorporated into thelinear array.

Both the CRT and liquid crystal display generate real images which arerelayed to the eyes through an infinity optical system. The simplestoptical system allows a user to view the image source through a simplemagnifier lens. For fields of view greater than 30°, this approach leadsto a number of problems including light loss and chromatic aberrations.Further, these optics are bulky and heavy.

Virtual projection optical designs create an aerial image somewhere inthe optical path at an image plane which is then viewed as an erectvirtual image via an eye piece or objective lens. This approachincreases the flexibility by which the image from the image source canbe folded around the user's head for a head mounted display system, butlarge fields of view require large and bulky reflective and refractiveoptical elements.

In addition to resolution limitations, current systems also havebandwidth deficiencies. Bandwidth is a measure of how fast the displaysystem can address, modulate or change the light emissions of thedisplay elements of the image source. The bandwidth of the display imagesource is computed on the basis of the number of elements which must beaddressed over a given period of time. Addressing elements temporally isneeded to refresh or maintain a perceived luminance of each elementtaking into account the light integration dynamics of retinal receptorsand the rate at which information is likely to change. The minimumrefresh rate is a function of the light adaptive state of the eye,display luminance, and pixel persistence, i.e. the length of time thepicture element produces light after it has been addressed. Minimumrefresh rates of 50 to 60 times a second are typically needed fortelevision type displays. Further, an update rate of at least 30 Hz isneeded to perceive continuous movement in a dynamic display or in apresentation in which the display image is stabilized as a result ofhead movement. Refreshing sequentially, i.e. one element at a time, 40million picture elements at a 60 Mhz rate would require a videobandwidth of 2.4 GHz. Bandwidth requirements can be reduced byinterlacing which tricks the eye in its perception of flicker but stillrequires that all of the elements of the image source be addressed toachieve a minimum update rate of 30 Hz or 1.2 GHz bandwidth. Typicaltelevision broadcast quality bandwidths are approximately 8 MHz, or twoorders of magnitude less than the 1.2 GHz. High resolution computerterminals have 1400 by 1100 picture elements which are addressed at a 70Hz non-interlaced rate which is the equivalent to a bandwidth ofapproximately 100 MHz.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, the disadvantages of priorvirtual image display systems have been overcome. The virtual retinaldisplay of the present invention utilizes photon generation andmanipulation to create a panoramic, high resolution, color virtual imagethat is projected directly onto the retina of the eye. The entrancepupil of the eye and the exit pupil or aperture of the virtual retinaldisplay are coupled so that modulated light from a photon generator isscanned directly on to the retina producing the perception of an erectvirtual image without an image plane outside of the user's eye, therebeing no real or aerial image that is viewed via a mirror or optics.

More particularly, the virtual retinal display system of the presentinvention includes a source of photons modulated with video information,the photons being scanned directly onto the retina of the user's eye.The photon generator utilized may produce coherent light such as a laseror it may produce non-coherent light. Further, the photon generator mayinclude colored light generators such as red, green and blue lightemitting diodes or lasers to provide colored light that is modulatedwith respective RGB video information. If a blue light source is notavailable, a yellow light source such as a yellow light emitting diodeor laser may be used. The video modulated colored photons are combinedand then scanned onto the retina.

The video modulated signals are preferably scanned in both a horizontaland a vertical direction so as to produce a modulated light raster thatis projected directly onto the user's eye by projection optics. Theprojection optics may include a toroidal or spherical optical elementsuch as a refractive lens, mirror, holographic element, etc. Further,this optical element may be a light occluding element or it may be lighttransmissive. A light transmissive optical element allows the virtualretinal display of the present invention to be a see through displaywherein the displayed virtual image is perceived by the user to besuperimposed on the real world. Further, the light transmissiveness ofthe optical element may be actively or passively variable.

The virtual retinal display system of the present invention furtherincludes a depth cue for 3-D imaging so as to reduce problems of"simulator sickness" that may occur with known stereoscopic displaysystems. More particularly, the depth cue varies the focus, i.e. theconvergence or divergence of the scanned photons rapidly to control thedepth perceived by the user for each picture element of the image. Depthinformation may be stored in a Z axis buffer or the like in a videomemory in addition to the horizontal and vertical information typicallystored in a video frame buffer.

A pupil tracking system may be employed to move the position of thelight raster projected onto the eye so that it approximately coincideswith the entrance pupil of the user's eye. This feature increases theresolution of the virtual retinal display and further increases thefield of view to provide a fully immersive environment such that as theeye moves to one side, a view corresponding to that direction may bepresented. This is accomplished by utilizing the detected pupil positionto position a "visible window" on the video information stored in theframe buffer. The frame buffer may for example store video informationrepresenting a panoramic view and the position of the visible windowdetermines which part of the view the user is to perceive, the videoinformation falling within the visible window being used to modulate thelight from the photon generator.

The virtual display system of the present invention may also divide thevideo information into sectors or regions and use parallel photongeneration and modulation to obtain ideal pixel density resolutionacross very wide fields of view. Further, by allowing the overall pixeldensity to be divided into separately scanned regions the bandwidth isreduced by the number of regions so as to overcome the bandwidthproblems of prior systems.

The virtual retinal display of the present invention produces a widefield of view presentation which can reach 140° horizontally dependingupon the size and proximity of the final optical element relative to theentrance pupil of the eye. Further, the virtual retinal display of thepresent invention is very small in size, weight and bulk since it is notnecessary to produce either or a real or an aerial image. Because of itssmall size, weight and compactness the virtual retinal display isideally suited for mounting on a user's head.

These and other objects, advantages and novel features of the presentinvention as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, willbe more fully understood from the following description and the drawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the virtual retinal display of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the virtualretinal display depicted in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a second embodiment of the virtual retinal display of FIG. 1utilizing color;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of a colorvirtual retinal display in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an LED array utilized in a further embodiment ofthe virtual retinal display of the present invention employing parallelphoton generation and modulation;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a laser phased array;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a microscanner utilized in accordance withthe present invention; and

FIG. 8 is an illustration of another microscanner that may be utilizedin accordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The virtual retinal display 10 of the present invention as shown in FIG.1 utilizes photon generation and manipulation capable of creating apanoramic, high resolution, color image that is projected directly ontothe eye of a user, there being no aerial image or image plane outside ofthe eye that is viewed by the user. The virtual retinal display does notuse a display that generates a real image such as a CRT, LCD or LEDarray as in prior virtual image displays. Nor does the virtual retinaldisplay 10 need the mirrors or optics necessary in prior virtual imagedisplays to generate an aerial image. Instead, photons modulated withvideo information are scanned directly onto the retina 22 of a user'seye 20 to produce the perception of an erect virtual image. Because thevirtual retinal display 10 does not utilize a real image display or themirrors or optics necessary to generate an aerial image, the virtualretinal display 10 is small in size and weight and is therefore suitableto be easily mounted on the user's head as a head mounted display.

More particularly, as shown in FIG. 1, photons from a photon generator12 are modulated with video information by a modulator 14. The modulatedphotons are scanned in a first direction and in a second directiongenerally perpendicular to the first direction by a scanner 16 to createa raster of photons that is projected directly onto the retina 22 of theeye 20 of the user by projection optics 18 to produce the perception ofan erect virtual image without an aerial image or image plane outside ofthe eye that is viewed or perceived by the user. Although not necessary,it is desirable to employ an eye tracking system 24 to reposition thescanned raster of light as the pupil 26 of the eye 20 moves so that thelight ray bundles are coincident with the entrance pupil of the eye. Theeye tracking system 24 can also be used as feedback to change the imageor the focus of the image scanned onto the retina as the eye moves sothat the user perceives that he is focusing on a different portion of apanoramic scene as he shifts his eye. It is noted that the dotted linesshown entering the eye 20 in FIG. 1 as well as in subsequent figuresrepresents the range of scanning and not the instantaneous ray bundle.

The photon generator 12 may generate coherent light such as a laser orit may generate noncoherent light such as by utilizing one or more LEDs.Further, beams of red, green and yellow or blue light may be modulatedby RGY or RGB video signals to scan colored photons directly onto theuser's eye. In order to reduce the bandwidth of the virtual retinaldisplay, multiple monochromatic beams or multiple groups of coloredbeams can be modulated and scanned in parallel onto the retina where thevideo information used to modulate the photons is divided into differentsectors or regions and each beam or group of colored beams is associatedwith a different sector of video information as described below. It isfurther noted that the functions performed by one or more of the photongenerator 12, modulator 14, scanner 16 and projection optics 18 can becombined to be performed by fewer elements depending upon the actualcomponents used in the system. For example, an acousto-optic deflectormay be used to both modulate the light from the photon generator 12 andto scan the modulated light in at least one direction. Further, a laserphased array may be utilized to perform the functions of the photongenerator, modulator and one or possibly two scanners as discussedbelow.

The components of the virtual retinal display 10 can be made small,compact and lightweight so that the virtual retinal display 10 caneasily be mounted on the head of a user without requiring a helmet or anelaborate head mounting for structural support. Further, the photongenerator 12 and modulator 14 can be separated from the scanner 16 andprojection optics 18 so that only the scanner 16 and optics 18 need bemounted on the head of a user, the modulated photons being coupled tothe scanner via one or more monofilament optical fibers. In a preferredembodiment, microscanners are utilized to scan the photons, suchmicroscanners being small, thin and deflected to scan the photons inresponse to an electrical drive or deflection signal. The photongenerator, modulator and scanner can therefore be made very small suchas 11/2 inch high by 11/2 inch wide by 1/4 inch thick or less with aweight of less than an ounce so as to facilitate a head mounting for thevirtual retinal display 10.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention as shown inFIG. 2, high resolution scanners are used to deflect a beam of lightboth horizontally and vertically in a two dimensional raster pattern. Nolens is used to focus the beam to form a real image in front of the eye.Instead, the lens 29 of the eye focuses the beam to a point on the backof the retina, the position of the beam point scanning the retina as thescanner 16 scans the modulated photons. The angle of deflection of thecollimated light beams corresponds to the position of the focused spoton the retina for any given eye position just as if an image werescanned at an infinite distance away from the viewer. The intensity ofthe light is modulated by the video signal in order to create an imageof desired contrast. Therefore, when the user's eye moves, the user willperceive a stationary image while he looks at different parts of thescene. The lateral extent of the image is proportional to the angle ofthe scan. Anamorphic optics are used as necessary to align the scannedphotons and to scale the perceived image. By forming a reduced image ofthe scanner aperture, a proportionately larger scanning angle isyielded. Other than this, the size of the scanner image is irrelevant aslong as the light enters the eye.

More particularly, as shown in FIG. 2, light or photons from a photongenerator 12 is projected through a cylindrical lens 30 and a sphericallens 32 to an acousto-optical deflector 34 that scans the photons in afirst or horizontal direction. The cylindrical lens spreads the lightbeam from the photon generator 12 horizontally so that it fills theaperture of the acousto-optical deflector 34. The spherical lens 32horizontally collimates the light which impinges onto theacousto-optical deflector 34.

The acousto-optical deflector 34 is responsive to a video signal on aline 36 that is applied as a drive signal to a transducer of theacousto-optic deflector 34 to modulate the intensity of the photons orlight from the photon generator 12 and to scan the modulated light fromthe photon generator 12 in a first direction or horizontally. The videosignal on line 36 is provided by a video drive system generallydesignated 38 that includes a video controller 42. The video controller42 may include a video generator such as a frame buffer 40 that providesvideo signals on a line 56 and respective horizontal sync and verticalsync signals. The video controller 42 may also include a microprocessorthat operates in accordance with software stored in a ROM 46 or the likeand utilizes a RAM 48 for scratch pad memory. The horizontal sync signalfrom the video generator 40 is converted to a ramp wave form by a rampgenerator 50, the horizontal sync ramp waveform is applied to a voltagecontrolled oscillator 52 that provides a signal in response to the rampinput having a frequency that varies such that it chirps. The outputfrom the voltage controlled oscillator 52 is applied to an amplifier 54the gain of which is varied by the video data signal 56 output from thevideo generator 40 so that the video signal 36 output from the amplifier54 has an amplitude that varies in accordance with the video informationon line 56 and that has a frequency that varies in a chirped manner. Thevideo signal on line 36 is applied to a drive transducer of theacousto-optical deflector 34. Varying the amplitude of the drive signalon line 36 with the video information causes the acousto-opticaldeflector 34 to modulate the intensity of the light from the photongenerator 12 with the video information. Varying the frequency of thedrive signal on line 36 in a chirped manner causes the acousto-opticaldeflector to vary the angle at which the light is deflected thereby soas to scan the light in a first or horizontal direction.

A spherical lens pair 64 and 68 images the horizontally scanned light orphotons onto a vertical scanner 62 wherein a cylindrical lens 68 spreadsthe light vertically to fill the aperture of the vertical scanner 62.The vertical scanner 62 may for example be a galvanometer. The verticalsync signal output from the video generator 40 is converted to a rampwaveform by a ramp generator 58 and amplified by an amplifier 60 todrive the vertical scanner 62. The speed of scanning of the verticalscanner 62 is slower than the scanning of the horizontal scanner 34 sothat the output of the vertical scanner 62 is a raster of photons. Thisraster of photons is projected directly onto the eye 20 of the user byprojection optics taking the form of a toroidal or spherical opticalelement 72 such as a refractive lens, mirror, holographic element, etc.

The toroidal or spherical optical element 72 provides the final imagingand reduction of the scanned photons. More particularly, the toroidal orspherical optical element relays the scanned photons so that they arecoincident near the entrance pupil 26 of the eye 20. Because a reducedimage of the scanner aperture is formed, the deflection angles aremultiplied in accordance with the Lagrange invariant wherein the fieldof view and image size are inversely proportional. As the size of thescanned photons, i.e. the exit aperture of the virtual retinal displayare reduced, the field of view of the image perceived by the eyeincreases.

The optical element 72 can be an occluding element that does nottransmit light from outside of the display system. Alternatively theoptical element 72 can be made light transmissive to allow the user toview the real world through the element 72 wherein the user perceivesthe scanned virtual image generated by the display 10 superimposed onthe real world. Further, the optical element 72 can be made variablytransmissive to maintain the contrast between the outside world and thedisplayed virtual image. A passively variable light transmissive element72 may be formed by sandwiching therein a photochromic material that issensitive to light to change the light transmissiveness of the elementas a function of the ambient light. An actively variable lighttransmissive element 72 may include a liquid crystal material. Aphotosensor can be used with such an element to detect the amount ofambient light wherein a bias voltage across the liquid crystal materialis varied in accordance with the detected light to actively vary thelight transmissiveness of the element 72.

The system described thus far with respect to FIG. 2 is monocular. Inorder to provide a stereoscopic system a second virtual retinal display10' may be utilized in parallel with the first retinal display 10, thesecond virtual retinal display 10' projecting scanned photons modulatedwith the appropriate video information directly on the second eye 20' ofthe user. This provides a medium for binocular depth information so thatdisplayed objects appear at different depths. Each pixel of the object,however, appears at the same distance from the user which can create apossible conflict between the stereoscopic cue and the monocular cuewhere the stereoscopic cue deals with the positioning of the object withrespect to each eye and the monocular cue deals with the focus of thelight of the object being imaged on the retina. More particularly, inprior virtual image display systems, each monocular image plane wastypically focused at optical infinity causing each of the pixels withinthe virtual image to appear at one distance. However, the combination oftwo prior monocular systems to form the binocular view created apossible conflict between the distance cues and the focus oraccommodation cue.

The virtual retinal display of the present invention overcomes thisproblem by utilizing an accommodation cue 70 either in the monoculardisplay system 10 or in the binocular display system formed of displays10 and 10'. The accommodation cue 70 is a focusing or depth cue that iscontrolled to vary the focus or convergence or divergence of the scannedphotons rapidly to control the depth perceived for each picture elementof the virtual image. Therefore in accordance with the present inventiontrue depth perception is obtained by modulating each pixel for depthindividually such as by controlling the focus, i.e. the convergence ordivergence, of the individual pixel. The accommodation cue 70 includes areflective surface that changes shape rapidly. For example, a miniaturemirror having a deformable membrane whose shape is altered as themembrane is charged and discharged may be used to form the accommodationcue. The deformation of the membrane is thus varied by an electricaldrive signal to control the convergence or divergence of each pixel fordepth. The drive of the accommodation cue 70 is provided by the videocontroller 42 which may, for example, store a Z axis video informationbuffer in the memory 48 or in the video generator 40 in addition to thetwo dimensional video information in a typical frame buffer.

A further embodiment of the virtual retinal display 10 of the presentinvention is depicted in FIG. 3 for scanning colored photons directlyonto the retina of a user's eye. As shown in FIG. 3, the photongenerator 12 includes colored lasers or LEDs such as a red photongenerator 80, a green photon generator 82 and a blue photon generator84. If a blue photon generator is unavailable, a yellow photon generatormay be utilized. The colored photons from the generators 80, 82 and 84are modulated with respective RGB video information from the videogenerator 40 and then combined by a beam combiner/dispersionprecompensator 86. The output of the beam combiner/dispersionprecompensator 86 is projected onto the horizontal scanner 34 by thecylindrical lens 30 and the spherical lens 32. It is noted tht thehorizontal scanner may be other than the acousto-optic scanner shown inFIG. 2. For example, a resonant mechanical scanner or various types ofmicroscanners as discussed below may be used for the horizontal scanner.The horizontally scanned color modulated photons output from the scanner34 are projected onto a dispersion compensator 88 the output of which isprojected onto a prism before being projected onto the vertical scanner62 by the spherical lens pair 64 and 68.

The colored photon raster as scanned from the output of the verticalscanner 62 is projected by a spherical lens 92 onto an offset mirror 96which is moved by the eye tracker 106 so as to position the raster ofphotons directly onto the entrance pupil 26 of the eye 20 as the pupilmoves. In one embodiment, a beam splitter 100 directs an image reflectedoff of the cornea of the eye 20 to a lens 102 and a position sensingdiode 104 that is coupled to the eye tracker 106 to detect the positionof the pupil 26. In response to the detected position of the pupil, theeye tracker correctly positions the offset mirror(s) 96 so that the exitpupil or aperture of the virtual retinal display is approximatelyaligned with the entrance pupil of the eye and/or to adjust the scanangle to reflect changed video information as described below.

The instantaneous position of the pupil 26 as determined by the eyetracker 106 is also communicated to the video controller 42 so that themicroprocessor 44 can direct video information to modulate the coloredlight where the video information reflects a change in the direction ofthe user's view. More particularly, the detected pupil position is usedby the microprocessor 44 to position a "visible window" on the videoinformation stored in the frame buffer 40. The frame buffer 40 may forexample store video information representing a panoramic view and theposition of the visible window determines which part of the view theuser is to perceive, the video information falling within the visiblewindow being used to modulate the light from the photon generator 12.

It is noted that, because the acousto-optical deflector 34 diffracts redlight more than green light and diffracts green light more than bluelight, this variation in the diffraction must be compensated for. Inaccordance with the present invention, this variation in diffraction maybe compensated for by appropriately delaying via delays 108, 110 and 112the RGB video signals that are coupled to the respective red, green andblue photon generators 80, 82 and 84 to modulate the red, green and bluephotons with the appropriate red, green and blue video information.

In another embodiment of the virtual retinal display of the presentinvention as shown in FIG. 4, composite video or RGB video signals arereceived by a digital video scan converter 120 and separated intomultiple compartments that represent sectors or regions of an image tobe scanned. Multiple video drive signals output from the videoamplifiers 124 representing each sector are used to modulate the lightfrom the photon generator 12 in parallel. The photon generator mayconsist of either arrays of laser diodes or arrays of high luminancelight emitting diodes. Multiple beams of red, green and yellow or bluelight are modulated with the video signals in parallel for each of thedivided sectors or regions and then relayed directly or by monofilamentoptical fibers 131 to a microscanner 16. The microscanner 16 essentiallyperforms two functions. First, the microscanner scans the multiple colorbeams associated with each sector or region in two axes to create araster of light on the retina and not an aerial image, there being noimage plane between the photon generator 12 and the eye 20. Second, themicroscanner 16 functions to position the scanned light relative to theinstantaneous entrance pupil 26 of the eye as sensed by the eye tracker24.

More particularly, the scanner 16 includes a first microscanner 132 thatis responsive to an X axis deflection signal output from a deflectionamplifier 136 to scan the color beams in a horizontal direction wherethe amplifier 136 is driven by the horizontal sync signal from a scangenerator 122. A second microscanner 134 is responsive to a Y deflectionsignal from the deflection amplifiers 136 as driven by the vertical syncor deflection drive from the scan generator 122 to scan the horizontallyscanned color photons in the vertical direction. A scan collimation lens140 receives a two dimensionally modulated light field that is projectedonto a tri-color combiner 142. The combiner 142 in turn projects thescanned light onto a Maxwellian-view optical system 148. The opticalsystem 148 projects the scanned colored photons onto a raster positiondeflector which may include two axis galvo mirrors that in turn projectthe scanned light onto a toroidal optical element such as a combiner 152having a trichoric coating, the toroidal combiner 152 projecting thescanned color photons directly onto the eye 20.

For eye tracking, the eye tracker 24 includes an infrared light sourcewhich illuminates the surface of the eye with low intensity infraredlight either directly or indirectly as shown. The surface of the eye isviewed through the raster position deflector 150 via the combiner 142, alens 140 and a charge coupled device, CCD, array 146. The signals fromthe CCD sensor 146 are processed by a pupil position processor 154 togenerate null signals, ΔH and ΔV, that are coupled to respective colordeflection amplifiers 158 and to the raster positioning mirrors 150 soas to cause the scanned photons to follow the pupil of the user's eye20.

An example of a light emitting diode array suitable for use in thepresent invention is

illustrated in FIG. 5. If an X-Y visual field is considered to becomposed of an array of 2,000×2,000 resolvable spots or pixels, thespots must be refreshed 50 times per second so as to have an informationbandwidth of approximately 200 MHz. High brightness LEDs typically havea power bandwidth curve that starts to roll off above 2 MHz. This resultis essentially an R-C product limitation related to the diffusioncapacitance of a heavily forward-biased p-n junction. In order to meetthe bandwidth requirements of the system, a linear array of 50 to 100LED pixels per color are utilized. Using a red, green and blue LEDscheme would require 50-100 LEDs of each of these three colors. As shownin FIG. 5, an array 200 includes LED chips 201, 202, 203--N wherein eachLED chip includes an LED active area 205. The LED active area mayinclude a GaAsP alloys and a Si₃ N₄ dielectric overlayer.

A laser phased array as illustrated in FIG. 6 functions to performphoton generation, video modulation and scanning in at least onedirection. The laser phased array includes a thin film wave guide 210,phase modulator electrodes 212, a cleaned coupled cavity 214 and lasercavities 216, the array emitting a coherent beam of about 10 mW power.

When two closely spaced lasers are fabricated in the same chip ofmaterial, their optical fields become coupled so that the processes ofoptical emission in the two devices are correlated and coherent. Theresult is a well defined phase front emitted from the laser pair. In thelaser phased array 220 having a number of laser cavities 216, theoptical beam is phase coherent if the lasers are spaced within 10microns of each other. This resolution can be achieved byphotolithographic techniques. The electro-optic modulator works bymodifying the index of refraction of the wave guide medium 210 throughwhich the optical beam must travel before being launched into freespace. By separating the electrical contacts 212 for each modulator, therelative phase of each individual laser in the array can be modified bythe modulator. For an appropriate series of modulation voltages, thephase front of the laser array coupled beam can be modified so that theemitted beam is launched at an angle to the normal exit direction. Withthe appropriate series of modulation voltages the laser beam can bescanned in a given direction. It is possible to construct a two axislaser phased array so that an additional scanner is not needed to scanthe laser in a perpendicular direction.

An example of a microscanner 132, 134 for scanning photons isillustrated in FIG. 7. The microscanner includes an actuator 230. Theactuator 230 is a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever that is capable ofthree dimensional motion in response to an electrical drive signal. Bycontrolling the deflection of the cantilevered actuator with theappropriate drive signals, the actuator 230 deflects the photonsincident thereto to scan the photons.

Another example of a microscanner that can be made extremely small isshown in FIG. 8, the microscanner having a curved reflective surfacethat translates to scan light impinging thereon in one direction. Moreparticularly, the microscanner 240 includes a base or actuator 242formed of a piezoelectric material with a substrate 244 formed on theactuator 242 wherein the substrate 244 has a curved reflective surface246. In response to a varying drive signal the piezoelectric actuatorand the substrate 244 translate in the direction of the arrows 248 so asto scan the light impinging on the surface 246 of the substrate in afirst direction generally perpendicular to the direction 248 oftranslation. A second microscanner 250 scans the light impinging thereonin a second direction perpendicular to the first direction so as to scana raster image directly onto the retina of a user's eye.

Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possiblein light of the above teachings. Thus, it is to be understood that,within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practicedotherwise than as described hereinabove.

We claim:
 1. A virtual image display system comprising:a source ofphotons modulated with video information, said photons being scanneddirectly onto the retina of the user's eye to produce a virtual imageperceived by the user without an aerial image outside of the user's eyeperceivable by the user wherein said video information represents aplurality of picture elements of a video image and means for varying thefocus of said scanned photons to control the depth perceived for eachpicture element of said video image.
 2. A virtual image display systemcomprising:a source of photons modulated with video information, saidphotons being scanned directly onto the retina of the user's eye toproduce a virtual image perceived by the user without an aerial imageoutside of the user's eye perceivable by the user; an eye positiondetector for detecting the position of an entrance pupil of the user'seye; and a photon deflector for moving said scanned light toapproximately coincide with said entrance pupil.
 3. A virtual imagedisplay system as recited in claim 2 including a source of videoinformation, said video information source being responsive to movementof said pupil position to vary the video information with which saidphotons are modulated.
 4. A virtual image display system to be mountedon the head of a user comprising:a source of photons modulated withvideo information, said photons being scanned in a first direction andin a second direction generally perpendicular to said first directiondirectly onto the retina of the user's eye to produce a virtual imageperceived by the user without an aerial image outside of the user's eyeperceivable by the user wherein said video information represents aplurality of picture elements of a video image and means for varying thefocus of said scanned photons to control the depth perceived for eachpicture element of said video image.
 5. A virtual image display systemto be mounted on the head of a user comprising:a source of photonsmodulated with video information, said photons being scanned in a firstdirection and in a second direction, generally perpendicular to saidfirst direction, directly onto the retina of the user's eye to produce avirtual image perceived by the user without an aerial image outside ofthe user's eye perceivable by the user; an eye position detector fordetecting the position of the entrance pupil of the user's eye; and aphoton deflector for moving said scanned light to approximately coincidewith said entrance pupil.
 6. A virtual image display system as recitedin claim 5 including a source of video information, said videoinformation source being responsive to movement of said pupil positionto vary the video information with which said photons are modulated. 7.A virtual image display system to be mounted on the head of a usercomprising:a source of photons modulated with video information, saidphotons being scanned in a first direction and in a second directiongenerally perpendicular to said first direction; and optics to projectsaid scanned photons directly onto the retina of the user's eye toproduce a virtual image perceived by the user without an aerial imageoutside of the user's eye perceivable by the user wherein said opticsinclude a light transmissive optical element, said virtual retinaldisplay forming a see-through display wherein said scanned photons areperceived by the user as being superimposed upon the real world.
 8. Avirtual image display system as recited in claim 7 wherein said opticalelement has variable light transmissivity.
 9. A virtual image displaysystem for projecting an image directly onto an eye of a usercomprising:a source of light; means for modulating light from said lightsource with a video signal; means for scanning said modulated light;optics for projecting said scanned light directly onto an eye of theuser to produce a virtual image perceived by the user without an aerialimage outside of the user's eye perceivable by the user wherein saidvideo information represents a plurality of picture elements of a videoimage and means for varying the focus of said scanned light to controlthe depth perceived for each picture element of said video image.
 10. Avirtual image display system for projecting an image directly onto aneye of a user comprising:a source of light; means for modulating lightfrom said light source with a video signal; means for scanning saidmodulated light; and optics for projecting said scanned light directlyonto an eye of the user to produce a virtual image perceived by the userwithout an aerial image outside of the user's eye perceivable by theuser; an eye position detector for detecting the position of an entrancepupil of the user's eye; and a light deflector for moving said scannedlight to approximately coincide with said entrance pupil.
 11. A virtualimage display system as recited in claim 10 including a source of videoinformation, said video information source being responsive to movementof said pupil position to vary the video information with which saidlight is modulated.